Yoga is often perceived in the modern world merely as a physical exercise. However, the ancient sage Patanjali described Yoga as an eight-fold path (Ashtanga) that serves as a profound psychological and philosophical framework for human growth.
1. Yama (Restraints)
The Yamas deal with one's ethical standards and sense of integrity. They include Ahimsa (non-violence), Satya (truthfulness), Asteya (non-stealing), Brahmacharya (continence), and Aparigraha (non-covetousness).
2. Niyama (Observances)
Niyamas are about self-discipline and spiritual observances. They include Saucha (cleanliness), Santosha (contentment), Tapas (heat/discipline), Svadhyaya (self-study), and Ishvara Pranidhana (surrender to a higher power).
3. Asana (Postures)
The physical postures practiced in yoga. In the yogic view, the body is a temple of spirit, the care of which is an important stage of our spiritual growth.
4. Pranayama (Breath Control)
Generally translated as breath control, this stage consists of techniques designed to gain mastery over the respiratory process while recognizing the connection between the breath, the mind, and the emotions.
5. Pratyahara (Withdrawal of Senses)
Pratyahara is the conscious effort to draw our awareness away from the external world and outside stimuli, directing our attention internally.
6. Dharana (Concentration)
Having relieved ourselves of outside distractions, we can now deal with the distractions of the mind itself. Dharana involves concentrating on a single mental object.
7. Dhyana (Meditation)
Meditation or contemplation, the uninterrupted flow of concentration. While Dharana practices one-pointed attention, Dhyana is ultimately a state of being keenly aware without focus.
8. Samadhi (Absorption)
The ultimate stage of Ashtanga, Samadhi is a state of ecstasy where the meditator merges with their point of focus and transcends the self altogether.